The global chemical marketplace has become a highly competitive landscape characterized by significant growth and developments. Key factors shaping this environment include rising global utilization for materials, coupled with harsh policies aimed at promoting environmental and well-being standards. Furthermore, advancements in science are steadily

Nanoparticles have emerged as promising materials in various fields, including biomedical applications. Conversely, the potential toxicity of these nanoparticles remains a crucial concern. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), a specialized type of nanoparticle capable of converting near-infrared light to visible light, have achieved considerable att